Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Attenuate Early-Stage Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice: Involvement of oncomiR miR-21a-5p

doi: 10.3390/ijms23116292

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative methylene blue-stained colonic epithelium, showing ( A ) normal colon epithelium (scale bar: 100 µm, untreated group), ( B ) aberrant crypt foci with three crypts (scale bar: 50 µm, dotted line) and ( C ) aberrant crypt foci with >20 aberrant crypts (scale bar: 100 µm, dotted line). Effects of coffee compounds on the development of ( D ) AC or ( E ) ACF during DMH/DCA-induced colon carcinogenesis. n = 10 animals/group. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. Untreated: 2×EDTA vehicle (i.p.)/balanced diet. DMH/DCA = 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (2 × 40 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.)/deoxycholic acid supplemented diet (0.02% w / w , 10 weeks). CAF = caffeine (50 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical), CGA = chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) and CAF+CGA = caffeine + chlorogenic acid (50 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) for 10 weeks. * Statistical differences compared to the untreated group using ANOVA and Tukey’s test ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: To promote colon carcinogenesis after DMH initiation, the animals received a balanced diet supplemented with deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 0.02% (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for 10 weeks (weeks 3 to 13).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Attenuate Early-Stage Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice: Involvement of oncomiR miR-21a-5p

doi: 10.3390/ijms23116292

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of coffee compounds on colonic proliferation (PI%) and apoptosis indexes (AI%) during DMH/DCA-induced colon carcinogenesis. n = 10 animals/group. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. Representative photomicrographs of Ki-67-positive colonocytes (scale bar: 50 µm) and cleaved caspase-3-positive apoptotic bodies (scale bar: 25 µm, arrowheads) are also displayed. Untreated: 2 × EDTA vehicle (i.p.)/balanced diet. DMH/DCA = 2 × 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (40 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.)/deoxycholic acid supplemented diet (0.02% w / w , 10 weeks). CAF = caffeine (50 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical), CGA = chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) and CAF+CGA = caffeine + chlorogenic acid (50 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) for 10 weeks. Asterisks correspond to statistical differences compared to the untreated (*) or DMH/DCA (**) counterparts using ANOVA and Tukey test ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: To promote colon carcinogenesis after DMH initiation, the animals received a balanced diet supplemented with deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 0.02% (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for 10 weeks (weeks 3 to 13).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Attenuate Early-Stage Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice: Involvement of oncomiR miR-21a-5p

doi: 10.3390/ijms23116292

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative photomicrographs of HE-stained sections of colonic crypts (scale bar: 100 µm). * Detail on the inflammatory infiltrate present in the lamina propria of DMH/DCA group (scale bar: 20 µm). ( B ) Effects of coffee compounds on colonic levels of interleukins 6 (IL-6), 17 (IL-17) and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) during DMH/DCA-induced colon carcinogenesis. n = 7 animals/group. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. Untreated: 2×EDTA vehicle (i.p.)/balanced diet. DMH/DCA = 2 × 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (40 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.)/deoxycholic acid supplemented diet (0.02% w / w , 10 weeks). CAF = caffeine (50 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical), CGA = chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) and CAF+CGA = caffeine + chlorogenic acid (50 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) for 10 weeks. Asterisks correspond to statistical differences compared to the untreated (*) or DMH/DCA (**) counterparts using ANOVA and Tukey’s test ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: To promote colon carcinogenesis after DMH initiation, the animals received a balanced diet supplemented with deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 0.02% (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for 10 weeks (weeks 3 to 13).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Combination Attenuate Early-Stage Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice: Involvement of oncomiR miR-21a-5p

doi: 10.3390/ijms23116292

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) The Venn diagram depicting the differentially expressed miRNAs (red: upregulated; blue: downregulated) in DMH/DCA (vs. untreated group) and CAF+CGA (vs. DMH/DCA). ( B ) STRING confidence network analysis of miR-21a-5p validated targets. Nodes in the correlated proteins are shown (with 3D structure inside). Edges correspond to the confidence of functional correlation (caption). DMH/DCA and CAF+CGA shared the differential expression of oncomiR miR-21-5p, which was upregulated in the DMH/DCA group and downregulated in CAF+CGA intervention. DMH/DCA = 2 × 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (40 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.)/deoxycholic acid supplemented diet (0.02% w / w , 10 weeks). CAF = caffeine (50 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical), CGA = chlorogenic acid (25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) and CAF+CGA = caffeine + chlorogenic acid (50 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. intragastrical) for 10 weeks.

Article Snippet: To promote colon carcinogenesis after DMH initiation, the animals received a balanced diet supplemented with deoxycholic acid (DCA) at 0.02% (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for 10 weeks (weeks 3 to 13).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Quantitative Proteomics